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Modern ferns are among the few ancient plants that have retained a significant diversity comparable to that of the past. Ferns vary greatly in size, life forms, life cycles, structural features, and other characteristics.
Their appearance is so distinctive that people usually call them all the same - "ferns" - without suspecting that this is a large group of vascular plants: there are 48 families, 587 genera, and 10,620 species of ferns.
The diversity of leaf shapes, amazing ecological plasticity, resistance to over-moistening, and the enormous number of spores produced have determined the wide distribution of ferns across the globe.
Ferns are found in forests - in the lower and upper tiers, on branches and trunks of large trees - as epiphytes, in rock crevices, in swamps, in rivers and lakes, on the walls of city houses, on agricultural lands as weeds, along roadsides.
Ferns are ubiquitous, although they do not always attract attention. Their greatest diversity is where it is warm and damp: in the tropics and subtropics.
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